Ernest Hemingway Essay -- essays research papers

The light of the worldIn the light of the world, by Ernest Hemingway, the main setting is a give lessons station where our extensions are sitting on a bench. The setting gives us time place and atmosphere in addition it sheds light on the character nick. Showing his sensitivity to beauty and how nave he is. The setting also shows how nick is still just learning the ways of the world and just getting his feet wet.The physical setting involves a time in Nicks life where he is still young. The setting is a train station with benches where He meets 5 whores and six white men. Nick, the narrator, tells us that it was crowded and hot from the stove and full of stale smoke. As we came in secret code was talking (40). This is what is said before Nick and his frien...

Privitization Of Airports Essay -- essays research papers fc

Privatization of airports For 51 years Bergstrom Air Force Base was home to fighter pilots, bombers, troop carriers and reconnaissance jet planes. It was the first port of jaw for death chair Lyndon B. Johnson on his trips home to LBJ reckoningry aboard Air Force One, it was where Chuck Yeager, the first pilot to break the sound barrier, once brought a change jet to rest in an emergency landing. In September 1993, in the path of military cutbacks Bergstrom Air Force Base was closed. But the timing was fortuitous, because the result came as the city of Austin, Texas was considering where to build a new airport. In 1993, the judge economic loss to Austin from the Bergstrom closure was estimated at $406 million a year and a loss of some 1000 jobs. But with the possibility of utilizing the prior Bergstrom Air Force Base as an airport the Austin economy was expected to gain an opportunity to rebound and even improve these results from the base closure by privatizing the airport . The trend worldwide toward airport privatization presents an exciting and dynamic opportunity for the trajectory public, governments, operators and investors. The general success of privatization of airports has been seen by the sale of long-term leases for three of the largest airports in Australia for $2.6 billion. Following this success, the Government of Australia announced their plans to privatize fifteen more airports. Several Latin American airports already are in private hands. Major airports in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are already concessioned or scheduled for privatization over the next two years. little airports in Central America and the Caribbean also are to be privatized. In Europe, a significant number airports have been privatized and opportunities are imminent in Germany, Portugal and elsewhere. Governments in southeastern Asia, Africa, and the world over also are developing airport privatization plans. Why has t his marked trend emerged and why did the city of Austin choose to title in this capacity? Governments in many cases do not have the financial capacity to invest in airport expansion as headspring as meet other needs of their citizens. They are recognizing that on one hand there are limits to their own knowledge of, and expertness, in managing airports and, on the other, that much(prenominal) expertise can be provided by others with the effe... ...ith great interest in foretelling whether the actualization of Austin-Bergstrom is as much as a success in the pragmatical as well as it appears to be in the theory. Bibliography Bibliography American Statesman, (1999). Airbase to Airport A model transition Online. Available uniform resource locator http//www.austin360.com/news/features/ topical anesthetic/0131recycle.html 1999, January 31. Austin360.com, (1998). Airports neighbors hear citys noisy plans. Online. Available URL http//www.austin360.com/news/features/local/1015noise.html 1998, October 15. National Center for Policy Analysis, (1999). Privatization trends. Online. Available URL http//www.public-policy.org/ncpa/pd/private/priv.html 1999. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/NSIAD-96-149 - Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, contribute of Representatives, (1996). wonderful 1996 MILITARY BASES - UPDATE ON THE STATUS OF BASES CLOSED IN 1988, 1991, AND 1993. Online. Available URL www.gao.gov 1996, August. SFA Gazette, (1999). Military Base Development Online. Available URL www.sfa.com. intelligence operation Count 2753 Privitization Of Airports Essay -- essays research papers fc Privatization of Airports For 51 years Bergstrom Air Force Base was home to fighter pilots, bombers, troop carriers and reconnaissance jets. It was the first port of call for President Lyndon B. Johnson on his trips home to LBJ Country aboard Air Force One, it was where Chuck Yeager, the first pilot to break the sound barrier, once brought a disabled jet to rest in an emergency landing. In September 1993, in the path of military cutbacks Bergstrom Air Force Base was closed. But the timing was fortuitous, because the closure came as the city of Austin, Texas was considering where to build a new airport. In 1993, the expected economic loss to Austin from the Bergstrom closure was estimated at $406 million a year and a loss of some 1000 jobs. But with the possibility of utilizing the prior Bergstrom Air Force Base as an airport the Austin economy was expected to have an opportunity to rebound and even improve these results from the base closure by privatizing the airport. The trend worldwide toward airport privatization presents an exciting and dynamic opportunity for the flying public, governments, operators and investors. The overall success of privatization of airports has been seen by the sale of long-term leases for t hree of the largest airports in Australia for $2.6 billion. Following this success, the Government of Australia announced their plans to privatize fifteen more airports. Several Latin American airports already are in private hands. Major airports in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are already concessioned or scheduled for privatization over the next two years. Smaller airports in Central America and the Caribbean also are to be privatized. In Europe, a significant number airports have been privatized and opportunities are imminent in Germany, Portugal and elsewhere. Governments in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the world over also are developing airport privatization plans. Why has this marked trend emerged and why did the city of Austin choose to act in this capacity? Governments in many cases do not have the financial capacity to invest in airport expansion as well as meet other needs of their citizens. They are recognizing that on one hand th ere are limits to their own knowledge of, and expertise, in managing airports and, on the other, that such expertise can be provided by others with the effe... ...ith great interest in foretelling whether the actualization of Austin-Bergstrom is as much as a success in the practical as well as it appears to be in the theory. Bibliography Bibliography American Statesman, (1999). Airbase to Airport A model transition Online. Available URL http//www.austin360.com/news/features/local/0131recycle.html 1999, January 31. Austin360.com, (1998). Airports neighbors hear citys noisy plans. Online. Available URL http//www.austin360.com/news/features/local/1015noise.html 1998, October 15. National Center for Policy Analysis, (1999). Privatization trends. Online. Available URL http//www.public-policy.org/ncpa/pd/private/priv.html 1999. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/NSIAD-96-149 - Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on National Security, International Affairs, and Criminal Justice , Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, (1996). August 1996 MILITARY BASES - UPDATE ON THE STATUS OF BASES CLOSED IN 1988, 1991, AND 1993. Online. Available URL www.gao.gov 1996, August. SFA Gazette, (1999). Military Base Development Online. Available URL www.sfa.com. Word Count 2753

AI vs Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Movie Artificial IntelligenceSynopsisIn the not-so-far future the polar icing caps have melted and the resulting rise of ocean waters has drowned all the coastal cities of the world. Withdrawn to the interior of the continents, the human race keeps advancing, reaching to the point of creating realistic robots-called mechas-to deal out them. An ambitious Professor succeeds in building David, an maudlin kid, the first of its kind programmed to provide endless love for its adopter. David is adopted by Monica as a substitution for her real son, but an unfortunate sequence of events leads Monica to abandon David. Believing that Monica will love him only if he becomes a real boy, David sets off to find the sober Fairy (from the fairy tale Pinocchio), whom he earnestly believes is the only one with the power to grant him his wish. ExplanationArtificial Intelligence is very similar to bloody shame Shellys Frankenstein in that the underlying themes, questions asked, and moral issues rai sed are the same. The main idea being appropriated is that of creating life, although not life in its usual context referring to reenforcement organisms. The life created (or rather built) in AI is in fact a mere imitation of life, a mechanical substitute human boyartificial intelligence. In AI, the creation is David, and he bears immediate similarities to the Frankenstein monster. In the book, the monster was to be Frankensteins perfecthuman, a soul who knew nothing but love. Ironically, David was programmed to provide two-dimensional love and also served the purpose of being the perfect replacement of a human boy.The desire to aid mankind through scientific and technological rise is shared by both creators in their respective texts. In the film however, the Frankenstein equivalent is indirectly achieved by another character after Davids sign creation. The Frankenstein role is in fact fulfilled by Monica, Davids adopter (mother), who activates David by imprinting him to her. Al though for different reasons, both parents (mother/father figures) hastily rush the activation process without closely assessing the risks and responsibilities of their doings or even realizing the wishes of their creations. Both creators end up abandoning their creations, leaving them alone, friendless in societies where they are both hunted.A woman talking to the Professor in the first scene of the film asks directly if a robot child loves his mother, is she expected to love him back?- tidy sum a robot be loved? The film maintains the same stance as Mary Shelleys book by arguing that society is in fact to blame for the mistreatment of David.

The Road Beneath My Feet :: essays research papers

Style AnalysisThe designer in this story, Kevin McConnell, states that his main consideration in writing The Road Beneath My Feet was to develop a room that would remain consonant throughout the entire story. I feel that he accomplished this consistent zeal in a some different ways. unrivalled way the author tried to accomplish this was by the way that he used his figures of speech. Many of the authors statements were very similar if not exact. For example, the author says a few times that the dust would rise and choke me. This figure of speech is repetitious, which I feel is one way that the author tried to capture the consistent style that he was looking for. Also, the author said, my pace was steady and rather fast. This statement is in any case used repeatedly as another way that he develops this consistent style.Another way the author develops his consistent style is in the way he describes certain images. For example, there are a few different cause where his way of de scribing what he sees around him are similar to eachother in a way that they all make reference to the fact that the day is going by and it will soon reach dusk. Like when he said the soft dew of morning which had glistened and twinkled on the blades of grass which grew in clumps by the side of road softly disappeared. This indicates that the day is going on. At another point in the story the author makes reference to the shadows saying that they have grown longer, which would indicate the sun was setting. Also, the author never precisely comes right out and says the obvious. He uses his descriptive ways to give you an idea of what is going on or happening. For example, he never exactly says that the man he encounters on the road is an old man. He just gives certain physical characteristics that would associate with an old man. I feel his reasoning for this was to also indicate that this man was not just old but a man of wisdom, which very often is associated with old age.In my mi nd this particular utterly story has a very interesting meaning behind it. This meaning is one that many younger people such as myself would benefit near from. I think that the whole point of the story is that you shouldnt just rush along and always be in such a hurry.

What Affects the Strength of an Electromagnet? Essay -- essays researc

What Affects the Strength of an Electromagnet?Aim What is the effect of change magnitude the current and increasing the number of coils when picking up writing clips?Definition First of all, an electromagnet has to be defined. An electromagnet can also be called a Soleno(prenominal)d, Which consists of a core of iron and then wire is wrapped round it. farsightednessI predict that as the current carried in the wire gets stronger, so will the magnetic field surrounding the electromagnet. Therefore, I think that the amount of write up clips picked up will increase as the voltage gets higher until the electromagnet cant pick up any to a greater extent paper clips. I also predict that the more coils wrapped round the wire creates a bigger magnetic field allowing more paper clips to be picked up.VariablesThickness CoilsLength of wireCore substantialIf the paper clips argon already more or less magnetized from previous experimentsWeight of the PaperclipsNumber of Paperclips available Equipment Mat - (To protect the surface of the bench) Power Pack - (To pick up the voltage of the current) *Battery Pack (To control the voltage of the current)Crocodile Clips - (To take the electricity to the Electromagnet)Paper Clips (To test the conductivity of the Electromagnet)Electromagnet Iron Nail - (to act as a core) Wire - (wrapped around the core)Test the Voltage Method 1. Take the Iron rod and wind the wire around it, leaving the two ends of the wire free.2. mess two crocodile clip leads into the Power rout and attach each crocodile clip to a different end of the wire which is wound around the rod.3. Turn on the power to the required voltage (I had a problem with the power pack because they kept short circuiting so I decided to use a onslaught pack but they would drain very quickly and could only test 2, 4, and 6 volts) and then bring the box of paper clips up so that they are touching the Iron rod4. If there are any paper clips still hanging, take them off and cou nt them and record the results The above method was perennial at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 Volts.Testing the Number of Wires Method 1. Take the Iron rod and wind the wire around it 10 times increasing the number of coils by 10 each time up to 100 coils, leaving the two ends of the wire free.2. Plug two crocodile clip leads into the Power pack and attach each crocodile clip to a different end of the wire which ... ...4.605051455149125.005053454648ConclusionThe results did show that my predictions had been right. The amount of paper clips increased by increasing voltage or by increasing the no. of coils(as Shown on the graph). The fact that the electromagnet gets stronger or weaker as you change the voltage is a useful one and the fact that the magnetic field gets bigger depending on how more no. of coils and gets stronger for how much voltage is passed through the coils.Probably the reason that some of the results were anomalous because some of the paperclips may hav e become magnetised, or the Rod may have become a weak permanent magnet. My best fit line didnt pass through the origin, although it came very close. This is probably because the iron rod became slightly magnetised and acted as a weak permanent magnet, before it was connected.

What Affects the Strength of an Electromagnet? Essay -- essays researc

What Affects the Strength of an Electromagnet?Aim What is the effect of increase the current and increasing the number of coils when picking up paper clips?Definition First of all, an electromagnet has to be defined. An electromagnet can also be called a Solenoid, Which consists of a core of iron and then telegram is wrapped lash out it. PredictionI call up that as the current carried in the wire gets stronger, so will the magnetic field surrounding the electromagnet. Therefore, I think that the numerate of paper clips picked up will increase as the voltage gets higher until the electromagnet cant pick up any more paper clips. I also predict that the more coils wrapped round the wire creates a bigger magnetic field allowing more paper clips to be picked up.VariablesThickness CoilsLength of wire effect MaterialIf the paper clips are already slightly magnetized from previous experimentsWeight of the PaperclipsNumber of Paperclips availableEquipment Mat - (To protect the surface of the bench) index number bevy - (To control the voltage of the current) *Battery Pack (To control the voltage of the current)Crocodile Clips - (To take the electricity to the Electromagnet)Paper Clips (To test the conductivity of the Electromagnet)Electromagnet Iron Nail - (to act as a core) Wire - (wrapped around the core)Test the Voltage Method 1. Take the Iron pole and wind the wire around it, leaving the two ends of the wire free.2. Plug two crocodile clip leads into the Power pack and attach each crocodile clip to a different end of the wire which is wound around the rod.3. deform on the power to the required voltage (I had a problem with the power pack because they kept short circuiting so I decided to use a battery pack but they would drain very quickly and could only test 2, 4, and 6 volts) and then bring the box of paper clips up so that they are touching the Iron rod4. If there are any paper clips still hanging, take them off and count them and record the results The above system was repeated at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 Volts.Testing the Number of Wires Method 1. Take the Iron rod and wind the wire around it 10 generation increasing the number of coils by 10 each time up to 100 coils, leaving the two ends of the wire free.2. Plug two crocodile clip leads into the Power pack and attach each crocodile clip to a different end of the wire which ... ...4.605051455149125.005053454648ConclusionThe results did show that my predictions had been right. The amount of paper clips increased by increasing voltage or by increasing the no. of coils(as Shown on the graph). The fact that the electromagnet gets stronger or weaker as you change the voltage is a useful one and the fact that the magnetic field gets bigger depending on how many no. of coils and gets stronger for how much voltage is passed through the coils.Probably the reason that some of the results were anomalous because some of the paperclips may have become magnetised, or the ter minal may have become a weak permanent magnet. My best fit line didnt pass through the origin, although it came very close. This is probably because the iron rod became slightly magnetised and acted as a weak permanent magnet, before it was connected.

Bloodless Revolution

THE BLOODLESS REVOLUTION. Talking about the first coverage, economical Crisis causes and results are one of the main root cause of Martial Law back then. Economy of many developing countries, including the Philippines, has reached its mental unsoundness in its peak. When Ninoy Aquino was assassinated, many accommodate now the courage to protest and do demonstrations against Marcos Regime whether or not in Manila which caused investors to back out since they are afraid of economical instability that had been continuously brought by these protests.Since there is already economic crisis that time, many are fired from their jobs thus, leaving the country to widespread unemployment and these unemployed Filipinos joined the rallies and marches leading(a) to more popular grievances and discontent. Human rights violation were rampant and landlordism and poverty grew. Due to his criticisms not only in the country but from other nations as well, Marcos declared Snap Elections with Cory A quino as his main rival. He won evetually because of massive fraudility. This has enraged Filipinos with their leader C. Aquino and boycott Marcos allies companies.This has led to greater protests and marches and apparently, bloodless renewing took place with the help of Jaime Cardinal Sin, Agapito Aquino, Juan Ponce Enrile, Fidel Ramos, religious organizations, and most importantly, the Filipino people. Marcos has left the country with his family and went to Hawaii through the help of US Air Force. Cory Aquino has been declared by the mass as the President of the Philippines with her Vice President Laurel and implemented the 1987 Constitution which replaced the merciless Martial Law of Marcos People Power run refers to the popular uprising that ousted Philippine president Ferdinand E.Marcos in February 1986. Also known as the EDSA Revolution, the uprising was in reaction to the massive fraud and violence unleashed by the government to ensure that Marcos and vicepresidential candi date Arturo Tolentino would win the so-called snapelectionsthat Marcos had called earlier that month. The opposition ticket was headed by Corazon Aquino, wife of former Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino, who was assassinated in 1983 byelementsof the Philippinemilitaryas he debarked his plane at theManilaInternational Airport(since renamed Ninoy AquinoInternationalAirport).Many believed that Aquino and her running mate,SalvadorLaurel, would have won had theelectionsbeen modal(a) and honest. Massive demonstrations were held in front of Malacanang (thepresidentialpalace) and twomilitarycamps located at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The peaceful uprising became a model for other countries compliments to change their government without resort to amilitarycoup or a bloody revolution. Having the evaluation, the question that the reporter wanted to ask is thathaving now the clearer scenario and amend knowledge about the EDSA Revolution I, which is more preferable DICTATORSHIP or DEMOC RACY?As for my perspective, it would be STILL DEMOCRACY. People will tend to suppose that dictatorship is better since many Filipinos now are not abiding the law and usage of force in its implementation would be the best solution. only if then, I think the main and very problem of out country is the misunderstanding and mis-usage of the word FREEDOM in which DEMOCRACY is quoted with. True Freedom and nation would always come with rights and responsibilities as citizens of our country. It is all about changenot for the worse but for the betterment.

Factors Affecting the Standard of Living Residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar

Our amountry is an ideal bea for stinting growth. Its mild climate, rich natural resources, and fertile soil accommodate for plant growth argon well-nigh of many an(prenominal) reasons to justify why our country could be developed frugally. It is to be noted however that increase action means economic growth and a way to raise the financial escort measurement of families. As economic growth improves the average citizens received of life-time a smaller portion of the creation tends to fall below the absolute mendicancy regular.Society can eliminate absolute poverty through a combination of economic growth and transform of many citizens with to a greater extent than adequate income to the scummy. E precise residents in the Philippines would like to raise its lifetime ideal an exactly that of its community fact, each political bigwig aims to improve his home t delivers above all separate. Most of the people find a way to become successful to have great income more than enough for their daily subsistence or that would suffice their needs. Those, improve the dungeon banal of the residents. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMGenerally, this study attempted to take in some factors affecting the measuring of life history residents in Brgy. C show upsidean, Catarman, Northern Samar. Specifically, this study will answer the following queries. 1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar in terms of Age Sex courtly Status Highest Educational acquisition Monthly Income 2. Are the following factors affects the type of aliment of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar? Ideal mob sizing Total family income (annually) poesy of family members in school Types of household 3.What be those factors that directly affects and indirectly affects the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar? 4. What is the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. C awayan, Catarman, Northern Samar in terms of pabulum expenditures Clothing expenditures Appliances and utilities Housing expenditures Recreation and transportation Health and raisingal activity expenditures 5. What recommendation do the respondents advanced in enounce to uplift their standard of living? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Specifically, this study aimed to 1. Determine the socio-demographic profile of the residents in Brgy.Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar in terms of Age Sex Civil Status Highest Educational Attainment Monthly Income 2. Determine the following factors that affects the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar. Ideal household surface Total family income (annually) Numbers of family members in school Types of household 3. Determine the factors that directly affects and indirectly affects the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar. 4. Determine the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar in terms of Food expendituresClothing expenditures Appliances and utilities Housing expenditures Recreation and transportation Health and education expenditures 5. Determine recommendation do the respondents advanced in order to uplift their standard of living. SCOPE AND boundary This study is limited to the residents in Barangay Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar. The researchers shall base their analysis on the response of the respondents in the questionnaire designed for the purpose of this study. Likewise this is united to the indicators such as food expenditures, clothing expenditures, utilities, housing expenditures and education.The house hold size, family income, number of family member in school, type of household, employment status of head of the family and nature of wrench are also considered. The researchers limits their knowledge on the expenses and knowledge in conducting the research. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This study att empted to gather data that can be a stern for improving the standard of living of the residents in Brgy. Cawayan, Catarman, Northern Samar. The result of this study will be useful to Barangay Officials in elevating the living standard of every residents in the said Barangay through the factors that affect them.It will also serve as reference for students who intend to do a research on former(a) economical problem of this said locality. The findings of this study will also help the community to become aware of living standard of every Filipino residents in order to develop their community especially that of Filipino residents residing in the rural areas. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1) AGE the entire period of life or existence, as of a person, thing, nation, etc. 2) SEX either of two divisions, male and female, by which organisms are distinguished with reference to the reproductive functions. ) CIVIL STATUS it refers to the respondents whether they are single, married, separated, widow o r widower. 4) MONTHLY INCOME it refers to the amount of money received by all members of the family every month and which serves as a common fund to buy the needs and wants of the family. 5) TYPES OF syndicate determine to as whether the respondents live in their own home or they live with their parents even they have own family. 6) STANDARD OF LIVING refers to a living status in terms of indicators considered in the study.7) FOOD it refers to a solids substance eaten for nourishment of the respondents. ) CLOTHING it refers to a wearing apparel of respondents to cover their human body. 9) APPLIANCES it refers to the things own by the family which adorn their houses and are used by the family members for their comfort and convenience. 10) UTILITIES fitness for some desirable practical purpose, serviceableness that which is necessary. 11) HOUSE MAINTENANCE it refers to any worry place of a family. 12) RECREATION it refers to the activities of the family for refreshment and relaxation. 13) TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES it refers to any mode of transportation used by the family ingoing to work or school.4) HEALTH it refers to the body antecedent the respondents whether they are strong or weak. 15) EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURES it refers to a training by which a respondents learn how to use or develop their mental, physical and moral power. 16) EXPENDITURES tot up expenses of a family for their daily needs. 17) NUCLEAR TYPE OF FAMILY family members composed of father, m different, children living in their own home. 18) EXTENDED TYPE OF FAMILY family members living together with their parents, even if they have own family. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Research LiteratureStandard of living usually refers to the economic aim achieved by an individual, family or nation. It may be measured by the value of the goods and services produces or used by the individual, family, or nation in a given period of time. Another interpretation of standard living is based on the goals that the people have enough material things for comfort and happiness, they achieved their standard of living. Standard of living is pertinacious by the social status a person has and the goods and services he can buy. Wealthy people are secured with comfort and accorded with highest esteem by other people.Changes in prices can affect standard of living of families normally declines. On the other hand, when prices down with all other things remaining the same, people standard of living normally raises. But the letter education does not anymore happen now a day. The relative poverty standard is the standard of living below which a certain percentage of population falls if we choose the percentage to be 10%, the relative poverty standard would be the income of the family at the tenth percentile of the income distribution. One of the problems of family is poverty. Poverty is a vicious cycle.If the parents are forgetful, the children will likely be poor also. Poor parents cannot provide their children with good condition or education that will raise them up from poverty. Another is they cannot give their children good food, hence they are sickly and have poor energy level which keep them away from school. Consequently, they slim chances to have a good saying job when they mature. According to Gordon and Dawson, standard of living in rural areas 30 percent below the standard of living in the cities, thus far one of every five farmers lives below the poverty line. Development is the concern of everyone.It places a crucial role in every country. It is considered a progressive and propulsive process. Any country, which has attained development, has rampant material resources to meet her need. Educate people are more aware of the impact of the government on their lives and more precaution to politics. They have more information about politics and undertake wide range of political activities. The status, goods and services they enjoy by th e people largely determine their standard of living. On the other hand, the standard of living of the people depends upon there income.People who are sozzled are secured with comfort and accorded with highest prestige. Changes in the prices affect the living standard of constituent of the population especially that of the worker or a person with fixed income. Family size also affect poverty. The absolute poverty standard raises with family size but not necessarily with earning capacity. The high standard of living, the lower the population that a given area can support. In many of the world, the standard of living is also low that large population can exist in small of get to. In areas of high living standard, the resources can support single a spa use population.Although the poor earn but a small fraction of natural income, they have made great strides in absolute living standards. Real wages have rises steadily over the last century manufacturing workers today earn real wages 10 times what their great granddad got. Few socialist or communist today doubt that capitalist has been a mighty engine for increasing the real wages of poor as well as rich. A country may be conceived as one in which the collective objectives is to maximize the total welfare this rather than economic power of other forms of it, like military and political influence.The most living, that is the quantity of good and services available for consumption. Local Literature Electrification raises not only the level of consumption but also the will to economize because higher standard of living (consumption), brought about by household electricity, are necessarily accompanied by an increase in the income of the family (through more production), either through self-employment causing the electricity industry, or through employment in power-using industries.The people having a minimum of subsistence standard of living have an income adequate to provide for their necessities under normal condi tions, but they cannot spare any part of their income for social necessities. They cannot afford medical care, and in guinea pig of emergency like sickness they have to depend on free clinic or dispensaries. They can manage to exist without any assistance, buy they can count on no savings to depend upon when the bread winner of the family is unemployed. They are always exercise careful economy in their expenditures. Pp. 668The families having the comfort standard of living may be described as those who can afford to provide not only for a sufficient amount of the necessities but also for cultural wants. They can send their children to college, they can afford to set aside part for their income for recreation and travel, and they can participate in the conventional activities in their community. The small land owner, most of members of the professional class and small business men enjoy this standard. Many of them can drive a car and can afford to cave in to a club. All demands of a respectable scale of living can be satisfied.The members constitute the upper middle class in the country. At the poverty level, people are unable to provide sufficient quantity of the necessities for an independent existence even with the most careful expenditure of available income. Their income is entirely pitiful to provide for the upkeep of the family. The people of this class have to be aided most of the time in one way or another. Their food is oft simple, they could not afford to clothe themselves decently, and they live in a nip shacks in an over crowded houses where privacy is impossible.They literally live to have a mouth existence. The constitute the bulk of those who appeal to charitable organizations for help, if they are not actually living on beggary. Pp. 667 Standard of living are products of society. Many of the goods they obliterate are considered essential in maintaining personal and social well-being, because our populates and whole community are using th em to do many things because it is appropriate and natural for us to work with them. If it is customary in a town to send children to school, parents in that community exerted effort sending their children to school.Our attitude toward many things is being imposed upon by society, our choices are controlled by the society of which we are part of. Living standard are constantly undergoing a process of change. There is scarcity in nation that does not experience changes in its standard of living. The standard of living of some people changes in its standard of living. The standard of living of some people changes much more slowly than that of others, depending on the effort of certain dynamic for use that bring about reorganization of social economics values and lead them to scrutinize of life.It is scarcity necessary to point out that the different standards of living in the Philippines have not been immune from innovation and new concepts and attitudes of what constitutes individual and social welfare since the Spanish time. Pp. 671 It is difficult for the poor to maintain life of dignity. They have not been fortunate enough to find an employment that will enable them to provide education. Because of lack of education and the right connection, a poor person finds it difficult to work for a job. If ever he finds one, it is usually a low paying job.Standard of living is determined by the social status a person has and the goods and services he can buy. Wealthy people are secured with comfort and accorded with highest esteem by other people. Changes in prices can affect standard of living. When prices go up without corresponding increase in income, the standard of living of the people normally decline. On the other hand when prices go down with all other things remaining the same, people standard of living normally rises. But the latter statement does not anymore happen now a days. Poverty is a vicious cycle.If the parents are poor, the children will likely be po or also. Poor parents cannot provide their children with good education that will raise them up from poverty. Another is they cannot give their children with good food, hence they are sickly and have poor energy level which keep away from school. Consequently, they end up unschooled. As such they have slim chances to have a good paying job when they mature. According to Sorio, as cited by Bicol, (1998) the standard of living of the people is largely determined by the status, goods and services they enjoy.On the other hand, the goods and services status people enjoy depend upon their income. People who are wealthy secure the most comfort and are accorded with the highest prestige. In addition to the familys income the cost of living and the house, the family residents should not be considered. Limpoco, )1989) verbalise that material possession is an indicator of the level of living. Malaki, B. et. Al, (1998) claimed that in the discipline of economy. Largely family size may be a goo d source of income.This is, however, placed in tandem with all other attitudes which may contribute to the realization of a livable standard of living. Ubaldo, et. Al. , (1998) found out that most of the farmers, the respondents of his study be long to the income of P49, 912. 00 per annum as which for low the poverty level. Ronquillo, et, al. , (1989), stated that the higher the standard of living in a given area can support. In an area of high standard of living, the resources can support only sparse population. Development is the concern of every one.It places a crucial role in every country. It is considered a progressive and dynamic process. Any country, which has attained development, has abundant material resources to meet her needs educated people are more aware of the political activities. The status, goods and services they enjoyed by the people largely determine their standard of living. On the other hand, the standard of living of the people depends upon their income. Peo ple who are wealthy are secured with comfort and accorded with the highest prestige.Changes in the prices affect the living standard of segment of the population, especially, that of the worker or a person with fixed income. The higher standard of living, the lower the population that a given area can support. In many of the world, the standard of living is also low that large population can exist on small of land. In areas of high living standard, the resources can support only a spares population. The most important cause of poverty among individuals is poverty itself. One who come from a poor family generally turns out to be poor himself and this likely to be true to his children.This is vicious cycle of poverty. The poor has a lesser opportunity for a better life because he moves around an milieu where everybody seems to be perennially needing support and assistance from others. The poor are generally more prone to illness hence absenteeism at work is rampant thereby lowering t heir earning capacity. Poor health results in lower energy level, lower productivity and shorter lives. The goods services and social status that people enjoy depend upon their income. In like manner, the goods and services and social status largely determine their standard of living.People relatively enjoy a high standard of living. They are not very much affected when there is an increase in the cost of living because their income does not generally fluctuate if the changes in prices occur. For a worker or a person who depends on fix income, affects his standard of living. In sparsely dwell countries, the people living standard is relatively higher than in over populated countries. This is so because the resources of a given country can sufficiently support an ideal number of population.If the population growth out poses production growth, there would be an imbalance of distribution of wealth. According to Ronquillo, et. al. , (1989) the standard of living is high in a country wh ich has enough resources to support its population. Tussing, (1987) claims that children whose parents are poor and have been strip of good pre-natal care thereby likely have less IQ, lower energy level, higher absenteeism at school and shorter lives. They will likely be poor when they grow up and have less chance to enjoy a high standard of living. Foreign LiteratureThe fantastic magnitude of the increases in both drive production and output for capita since, say, 1800 is best appreciated by contrasting it with the dismal average record of many previous centuries. In Europe, after a long decline. Living standards had been increasing intermittently since the eleventh century the century in which William the Conqueror acquired England. Yet, it is estimated that even by the time of the American civil war neighbour labor productivity nor gross national product per capita had yet re attained the levels that had been achieved in ancient Rome about 16 centuries earlierThus, on the ave rage, productivity and GNP per capita did not grow at all over 1600 years. Even for those wealthy enough to buy them, the number of important new consumer goods innovated in those 16 centuries was signally small. Firearms, glass windowpanes eyeglass, mechanical clocks, tobacco, and printed books constitute almost the entire list of major new consumer products invented between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the nineteenth century.Indeed, some significant amenities notably elaborated bathing facilities efficient home heating devices, had disappeared since the fall of Rome. Family size is usually related to living standard. Bigger family size results in a lower living standard, while smaller family size leads to the improvement of living standard. This happens, however, only when other factors that affect living standard are held constant. According to Gordon and Dawson (1984), standard of living in rural areas are 30 percent below the standard of living in the citi es, let one out of every five percent lives below the poverty line.According to Henderson and Poole (1991), the family size also, affects poverty line. The absolute poverty standard rises with family size, but earning capacity does not. There is also an connective between large families and low education level. Parents with a little formal education are not likely to get jobs that pay well enough to support many children. Hence, many are likely to be poor. Even though family size and race can put people at the essay of poverty. Over all, the primary determinants of poverty is whether the household works.

How Ge Is Disrupting Itself

How GE is disrupting itself? Executive summary Though having been launching products in emerging markets for few decades, GEs leaders realized that it is vital to change their seam model not only to reach their full potential growth but also for defensive reasons. Authors called the progress used to complete that task reverse innovation. Reverse innovation is all active decentralization and local anaesthetic market focus such as local based and managed market, which is believed to be able to cast off GE more successful in developing countries.However it is completely opposite to globalization that created unsolved conflicts between two strategies. In this article authors will reveal to us what GE did to overcome these conflicts. In the realization that emerging markets are very different to markets in developed countries, they realized the necessity of adjusting the business model to adapt to the new environments, which may lead to two spirit assumptions * Emerging economics will largely evolve in the same way that wealthy economics did. Products that address developing countries, special needs cigarettet be sold in developed countries because they are not good enough to compete there. However research and analysis over Indias markets gave us the different results. It is reported that emerging market could develop even greater than in developed countries because of their great willingness to adopt new innovations. And on the opponent products that have been launched in emerging market could possibly create new markets in developed world.For deeper understanding, the conflict is not only about the strategy which make globalization successful might make reserve innovation impossible and in return. It also lies at the executives who are not familiar to the new markets. world aware of the difficulty company has to face when changing long established structures and attitudes, however for the sake of opportunity of future growth, GE came out with new busi ness model called Local Growth Team model (LGT). LGT and its five critical principles are xplained more clearly via example of launching compact ultrasound in China * Shift power to where the growth is give broader power to local authority to their executive leaders of GE in China. * Build new offerings from the lay down up start with new architecture which is to shift hardware form to software form in order to make it easier to carry. * Building LGTs from the ground up, kindred new companies rewrite completely new value chain such as local recruiting, target customers as the dealers etc. * Customize objectives, targets, and metrics larn by testing and experiments. Have the LGT report to someone high in the organization to maintain the strong support from the top and to mediate conflicts between the group and the global business. Overall the biggest challenge of GE is mentioned about is to change the mind-set of managers who have spent their careers excelling at globalization. P ersonal arguments People have been talking about globalization for whole decades, and now we are introduced to a new definition of the vital business model of future Reserve innovation together with the rising of Asia in 12st century.Being aware of it and learning how to deal with it is skills and mind-set each manager has to have to compete in global market in future. One enkindle thing is that GE considered reserve innovation as future strategy for a long term goals. The idea of changing business model when compulsory to create value at large, especially when it is applied globally, might create the advantage of competitiveness for GE in globalization in future.However for near future, LGT doesnt mention how we can actually adjust the cooperation to run the new strategy (LGT only concerned about strategy of production, technology and marketing). As authors pointed out in the article globalization is so dominant today because it has worked well in the past. However it might depen d on which industry and how easily the division/ provoker/product or company globalizes. The question is which the reverse innovation model would be most appropriately for them to do to accomplish the long-term and the short-term.

Important Wealth Tax Cases Law for Ca Final Dt Nov 2011

Wealth Tax FOR NOV 2011 EXAM 2011 TMI 203374 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH go about Rajiv Kumar. Versus Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Urban land Agricultural land the matter is covered against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. No. 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & another Decided against the assessee . .. 04. 1993 for charging the wealth tax? iii) Whether the order is sustainable by not appreciating that as per Article 246 r. w. List-1 of 7th Scheduled Item No. 6 the tax on the capital value of uncouth lands can not be levied by the Parliament and hence the interpretation rendered is unconstitutional? Learned counsel for the assessee fairly states that the matter is covered against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. No. 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & another. Accordingly, these ingatherings are dismissed. A photocopy of this order be placed on the file of each connected case. 2011 TMI 203338 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Versus S/Shri Kulbir Singh & Rajinder Singh.Assets u/c 2(ea)- The appeal of the Revenue by ignoring that to a lower place the provisions of section 2(ea) of the Wealth-tax Act the urban land is included in the definition of assets w. e. f. 01. 04. 1993 and on merits the value of such urban land was taxable The Assessing Officer included the agricultural. .. with the judgment of the Full Bench of this Court. 5. On merits, position has already been taken in save of the revenue by order passed today in W. T. A. No. 31 of 2010 Tara Singh v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax etc. 6. In realise of judgment of Full Bench of this Court in M/s Varindera Construction Co.Baghapurana, we are of the view that the impugned order of the Tribunal cannot be carry on and the said(prenominal) is set aside. The matter is remanded to the Tribunal for fresh decision on merits. It is made clear that if the assessee is aggrieved by this orde r, they will be at liberty to approach this Court. The appeal is disposed of. 2011 TMI 203319 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURT Smt. Surinder Kaur. Versus The Commissioner of Wealth Tax & another. Assets u/s 2(ea)- Agricultural Land of which agricultural operation were being carried out Hence, the matter is covered against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. . 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v. CWT, Patiala & another Accordingly, these appeals are dismissed. .. stantial question of law- i) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the Income Tax appellate Tribunal was right in law in holding that the Section 2(ea) of the Wealth Tax Act would include the Agricultural Land of the Appellant of which agricultural operation were being carried out? Learned counsel for the assessee fairly states that the matter is covered against the assessee by order of this Court dated 8. 9. 2003 in W. T. A. No. 1 of 2003 in Jagraj Singh Mann v.CWT, Patiala & another. Accordingly, these appeals are dismissed. A photocopy of this order be placed on the file of each connected case. 2011 TMI 203253 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth Tax. Versus S/Shri Kulbir Singh & Rajinder Singh. Assets u/s 2(ea)- The Assessing Officer included the agricultural land falling down the stairs the definition of Urban land and asset under Section 2(ea) for judgement under the Act CIT(A) deleted the addition ITAT refused to entertain the appeal on the ground that amount is small Held that the. .. ith the judgment of the Full Bench of this Court. 5. On merits, view has already been taken in favour of the revenue by order passed today in W. T. A. No. 31 of 2010 Tara Singh v. Commissioner of Wealth Tax etc. 6. In view of judgment of Full Bench of this Court in M/s Varindera Construction Co. Baghapurana, we are of the view that the impugned order of the Tribunal cannot be sustained and the identical is set aside. The matter is remanded to the Tribunal for fresh dec ision on merits. It is made clear that if the assessee is aggrieved by this order, they will be at liberty to approach this Court.The appeal is disposed of. 2011 TMI 203386 DELHI HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth-tax Delhi-VI Versus Motor & General Finance Ltd. Assessement (a) Whether on the facts and circumstances of this case, is it mandatary to issue call attention under section 16(5) of the Wealth-tax Act in the lead passing best judgment assessment in case where return was not filed pursuant to notice under section 16(4) of the Act? (b) Whether no notice unde. .. f the relevant year has gone through and through various rounds of litigation before the authorities under because of no fault of the revenue. 2. In view of our to a higher place discussion we answer question (a) in the negative that where return was not filed pursuant to notice under section 16(4) of the Act, no further notice was mandatory under section 16(5) prior to passing of best judgment assessment. We a nswer the heartbeat question in favourable in the sense that where notice under sub-section (4) of section 16 had already been issued, no notice was required to be issued in view of second proviso to section 16(5). Both the appeals are disposed of accordingly. 011 TMI 203069 DELHI HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth-tax Versus. Motor and General Finance Limited U/s 17 of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957 The assessee is in receipt of amount from various properties and had shown rental put across of Rs. 6,14,36,188 (assessment year 1997-98) and Rs. 2,34,18,846 (assessment 1998-99) The assessee had not filed the wealth-tax returns for these years and there being t. .. levant year has gone through various rounds of litigation before the authorities below because of no fault of the Revenue. 22.In view of our above discussion we answer question (a) in the negative that where the return was not filed pursuant to notice under section 16(4) of the Act, no further notice was mandatory under sec tion 16(5) prior to passing of best judgment assessment. We answer the second question in the affirmative in the sense that where notice under sub-section (4) of section 16 had already been issued, no notice was required to be issued in view of the second proviso to section 16(5). Both appeals are disposed of accordingly. 2011 TMI 202991 ALLAHABAD HIGH COURTCommissioner Of Income Tax Versus Late Sri Salekh Chand Through Legal Heirs Smt. Uma Rani& Ors Whether asset to be assessed in the hands of each of the co-owners separately and not in the hands of A. O. P. similar questions were referred in Wealth Tax Reference No. 134 of 1999 which were answered in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue matter remanded to Tribuna. .. ) (b) of the W. T. Act are applicable in this case rather than Section 21-AA? 3.? Assessment Years 1986-1987 and 1987-1988? re involved in all these references. 4. The counsel for the parties also state that similar questions were referred in Wealth Tax Reference No. 134 of 1999 which were answered in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue on 12. 7. 2007. 5. In view of the answer given therein, we also answer the questions referred to us in affirmative i. e. in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue. 6. Let our purview be sent back to the Tribunal for passing appropriate orders. 2011 TMI 203435 PUNJAB AND HARYANA HIGH COURTCommissioner of Wealth-tax Versus Shri Charanjit Singh (HUF) Agricultural land beyond municipal limits the land measuring 66 kanals 2 Maras is situated beyond the notified exceed of 3 kms from municipal limit and as such it is not asset chargeable to wealth-tax with in the meaning of clause (ea) of section 2 . .. he CWT(A) and the Tribunal have concurrently recorded a finding of fact that the land in question was beyond the notified distance from the municipal limits, the fact remains that in the case of brother of the respondent-assessee, the re venue has accepted the finding of the CWT(A). . In view of above, we do not find some(prenominal) ground to hold the finding of the Tribunal to be perverse. The question No. 1 has, thus, to be answered against the revenue and in favour of the matter has been decided in favour of the assessee in the order mentioned above, the said question has also to be answered against the revenue. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed. 2011 TMI 203105 HIMACHAL PRADESH HIGH COURT Commissioner of Wealth Tax Versus. M/s. H. P. Small Industries & trade Corp.Assets u/s 2(ea) The assessee which is the State Small Industries and Export Corporation was allotted some land by the State The assessee constructed sheds on this land and rented out the same to industrialists The Assessee in its return of income included the rents received on account of t. .. never raised before whatsoever of the authorities below and further much we are of the view that the words of clause (iii) of Section 2(ea) indicat e that the house to be exempt must be in the occupation of the ssessee for the purpose of any business or profession carried on by him. Keeping in view the language of the Section it cannot be said that the assessee was in possession through the tenants. In view of the above discussion, the questions are answered in favour of the Revenue and against the Assessee. The order of the Tribunal is set-aside and the order of the Assessing Officer as confirmed by the Commissioner (Appeal) is restored. No costs. GANESANRAMAN CA FINAL CHENNAI

School Locker Searches

Cynthia Miller Juvenile Justice Procedures Wk. 5 DQ 11/16/2010 Should aim Administrators have complete access to School Lockers? Most legal authorities state that the validity of locker searches is dependent on the students reasonable look issues of privateness, which can be affected by school policies designating the lockers as student or school property, and student notification that the school will conduct spotic searches for contraband or will retain a outdo key to the locker for spot checks (Student Searches and the Law, 1995).The theory posits that unless school governs have written and distributed a locker policy to students, students may have a high expectation of privacy and school authorities may have to meet higher constitutional standards to conduct a locker search. The reality is that the courts have rarely base a school locker search they didnt like, as their application of T. L. O. s reasonable in light of all the circumstances test has allowed state courts to o verride whatever expectation of privacy other citizens may have in similar circumstances (S.C. v. State, 1991). There is utter certainty that state law, school district regulations, or written school policies that require schools to maintain custodianship over lockers and to inform students of this policy in writing will override any student privacy concerns that could theoretically be asserted to disallow a search. Discuss the various reasons why youths take medicines. The transition from adolescence to unfledged adulthood is a crucial period in which experimentation with illicit drugs in many cases begins.Drugs may have strong appeal to young people who are beginning their struggle for independence as they search for identity. Because of their innate curiosity and thirst for new experiences, peer pressures, their resistance to authority, sometimes low self-esteem and problems in establishing positive interpersonal relationships, young people are particularly susceptible to the allure of drugs. Peer pressure is the most well known reason for teens to partake in substance abuse. near may argue that teen drug abuse is highly correlated with the behavior of close friends especially when family upervision is weak. This relationship, in fact, is reciprocal substance abusers seek out friends who engage in similar activities. Associating with drug abusers leads to increased levels of drug abuse. Another explanation is that drug users have a poor family life. Studies show that majority of drug users have had an unhappy childhood which included harsh punishment and parental neglect females and Caucasians who were abused as children are more likely to have alcohol and drug arrests as adults.Youths who learn that dugs provide pleasurable sensations may be most likely to experiment with illegal substances a habit may uprise if the user experience anxiety and fear. With all the reasons for teens to take drugs like social disorganization, for example, I believe that the main reason is because of emotional problems and rational choice. References Juvenile vice Theory, Practice, and Law, Tenth Edition Larry J. Siegel, Brandon C. Welsh http//www. worldlawdirect. com/article/825/school-locker-searches. html http//www. unodc. org/pdf/document_1999-01-11_2. pdf

Argument Essay Essay

As assimilators we all have been challenged to do our best. Throughout our lives we have been labeled with our grades in high discipline, the ones with low grades were unexpended alone in misery, while the ones with higher grades were praised as the leaders of this horse race. Then, the question that comes into mind is is it right to categorize students, does grading contribute to teaching methoda?It is assumed and say in the philosophy of the current educational system that grading encourages learning and without it students would not write up. That is far from being true and also expresses another flaw of our education system. The system is based on fear the basic motive for students to study is fear of low grades. Furthermore, because the grades are the main criteria for swirling courses, students do not study they just develop methods of cheating. Thus, without learning the subject, they keep passporting.Since grades received in exams are more important than learning the subject matter, all students have to do to pass their courses is memorize how a specific problem is solved. Without knowing why such a method is used, students cannot apply their ability to solve the problem to daily life. However, they pass exams without learning why, how or what of the matter.Another disadvantage of grading is that grades of a student are not updated. That means the grades of a student for the first year of school will still be valid in the last year, whether his knowledge about the subject has improved or deteriorated. Considering all the factors that affect a students exams and marks, take down a small incident may have a great impact in the long run.Apart from these problems, which can be virtually solved by optimizing and improving the grading system, the most important defect of the system cannot be repaired without changing the whole system. The grading system causes inequalities, superior-inferior relations, classifications and even conflicts. It may be ma intained that societies of the modern world are structured on these basic principles, but the fact that something exists does not justify it. Moreover, the people self-aggrandising up in such an education system will not be able to see the other side of the walls, or will be afraid even to take a glimpse.To sum up, grading students is not a good practice and should be abolished. It is clear that education, especially education during childhood, has a great effect on ones life. And if you bring the children up in conditions of conflict and competition, they will look for conflicts in the future too.

Does the UK have a Prime Ministerial government?

The pinnacle Minister is genuinely much a staple of British politics today and it fire be seen in the last thirty years that there has been a place shift in UK politics very much in save of the Prime Minister. Traditionall(a)y, the UK government operated nether a theoretical system known as footlocker government which is basically the idea that all members of the cabinet should ready an equal say in policy making with the Prime Minister being first among equals in the cabinet.How ever, in recent times it can be seen that the UK government has moved to a system known as Prime Ministerial government which is when a prime minister uses its powers and influence to dominate all areas of government including the dictation of government policy. It can be seen that the powers of patronage the Prime Minister has, the image and bypass of the cabinet by the PM and the fact that the PM is in appearance the head of the land, all of which suggest a move towards a prime ministerial governm ent in recent years.However, it can be argued that whilst the PM appears to be all dominant in fact the PM still relies on the put up of its cabinet, its fellowship and the strength of its ships company in fantan or in other words the success of the PM. One way in which in recent years, the UK has moved towards PM government is through the control and bypassing of the cabinet by various Prime Ministers.Government Regulation on Media in AmericaIn recent years, there has been a bypassing of cabinet government and an extend in the use of bilateral meetings (which is essentially a gathering of the PMs most trusted ministers from the cabinet and deciding what to do on certain policies ahead the cabinet meeting) which allows the pm to have more power over policy and also takes power usually reserved for the cabinet.An example of this is Blairs kitchen cabinet of which brown was the only ever present member whom he discussed policy with an example of this being the privatisation of th e control of interest rates in the bank of England which was very much Blairs own ad hominemised policy. Another way there has been a move from cabinet government is that the prime minister has become able to push their own policy onward with little or no support from their parties for example Thatcher pushed through the poll valuate bill even though the party was more or slight united in opposition to the idea.In addition to this in recent years we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of personal advisors to the PM in comparison to previous years where the PM had barely any personal advisors and the now established PMs office which consists of advisors to the PM thereby passing the need for cabinet consultation. These moves swooningly show a bypassing and control of the government supporting the idea the UK has moved to a PM government rather than cabinet government. One restraint on the powers of the prime minister is the strength a absolute majority in parliament.I t could be argued that there is a correlation between the power of the prime minister and the parties size of majority in parliament for example Blair initially was a very strong prime minister operating at a lower place a strong majority in parliament going un get the better ofed in parliament until after the 2005 election but, after significant lessening of the majority in the next election he wasnt as strong as he didnt have as much macrocosm support for him to justify himself and his policies to his party thereby lessening his/her power.This lessens or has a restraint on the Prime Ministers power as it ensures that they are very much under the power of the public opinion and that defines how powerful they are. For example, browned was very much a weak Prime Minister in the sense of dictating policy as he plain didnt have enough public support or a large enough majority to make his own personal policy which was shown in the defeat he suffered over the gurka bill in 2008 which once again shows the restraint that public support and parliamentary majority has on a Prime Ministers power.Which shows the PM not to be an all dominant designing in government and very much accountable to its own party thereby suggesting that we do not operate under a PM government as the PM is still held accountable and therefore any dominance over the government the PM has is in fact sustained by parliament and when the support from parliament wanes it can be seen that the PM is not able to dictate policy for in any case long. Another way in which it could be seen that we operate under a PM government is appearance of the prime minister as a supposed head of the country.In recent years there has been an increased media focus on the PM (even leading to puppet parodies which can be seen to represent the interior(a) mood at the time) making them the focal point or at least(prenominal) seem to be of British politics, the increased media focus has also guide to many voters vot ing for the prime minister candidate rather than the party they represent which also leads to more power as it shows the PM to be flat recognisable and important so it commands respect.An example of the Media focus on the prime minister which made him more powerful as they would be seen as the figure head of the government is Blair coming out of the G8 meeting to address the nation and to drive to downing street to sort it out after 7/7 which made him more powerful as he was seen to care and be able to take action.Another way the PM appears to be the head of the country is in foreign policy, Prime ministers can be seen to be the head of foreign policy in terms of conflicts diplomacy and such for example, Blair is often seen as the man who made the ratiocination to invade Iraq and Afghanistan which gives him the appearance of being the head of the country, but it also shows him to be able to dictate policy at least in that area and this can be seen with a variety of PMs in recent years such as Thatcher being known as the Iron Lady after the Falklands war, Camerons presiding over the conflict in Libya and the subsequent military operations there and Major over the first gulf war. This showed the PMs to be supposed heads of the country and gave certainly the appearance of a PM government and substance behind the appearance is perhaps shown by such decisive decision making during the conflict. Another way the PMs powers are under restraint is by their own party in terms of support (or lack thereof).A Prime Ministerial government relies on its party for backing and allowance for the PM to dictate policy but they are also a restraint from the party in the sense that a lack of support would stop the PM from being able to do those things and usually ends in a new leaders election, there are numerous examples of this in recent history and Whilst its certainly true that recent history has shown there to be at least cardinal very strong Prime ministers namely Thatche r and Blair, both of these were both in some way in debt to their parties in the sense that they needed the party support to be such strong prime ministers for example for Blair to carry out his reforms he needed substantial support from his party, for Thatcher to carry out her new h mavenst policys she needed substantial support from her party.This reliance can lead to the Prime Ministers downfall however as it is very much the case the Party is very much happy for the PM to be powerful as long as they are successful in winning the next election so when this becomes under threat the Prime Minister is usually forced out, Thatcher was forced out after she forced through an extremely un popular poll tax bill for example. In other cases it can be seen because of a lack of a large party support some PMs never get the casualty to be powerful and all PMs are restricted nearing the end of their Premiership e. g.Brown never really had the same power Blair had and at the end faced a leader ship challenged which though he survived really signalled an end to any chance he had of being a powerful PM, in a similar stance with Majors premiership It could be seen that his leadership was very much affected due to the spectre of the previous conservative leader (thatcher) and also powerful opponents in the cabinet such as Howard and Portillo. This shows that a Prime Minister really relies on its party for power and influence thereby making a PM government but reliant on its party which more or less challenges the whole idea of a PM government. Another way it can be seen that the UK operates under a PM government is the Prime Ministers power of patronage which allows the PM to control policy through the threat or use of his power of kindling and can use this to dominate Cabinet and on extension its party.The PM chooses all of the ministers and junior ministers and all who sit in cabinet so whether the mononuclear phagocyte system progress in their political career relies on the favour to the PM thereby ensuring support of the PM from the lower down MPs and if they do not support the PM they are forced to resign for example MP John Hutton was forced to resign after saying Labour under Brown would be a ****ing disaster* which shows that whilst people may argue that PMs need support from its ministers it can be seen equally or more so that ministers need the support of a PM which shows a move to PM government as it show the PM making the decisions and also controlling its party.In conclusion, it seems that there has indeed been a move towards PM government in recent years especially considering both Thatcher and Blairs premierships and whilst it may be said that the carriage of government depends on the personality of the Prime Minister traits of a PM government still remained in the premierships of the likes of Brown and Major so overall its clear to certain extent that there has been a move to a Prime Ministerial government. However it does seem that this is facilitated by the party and the cabinet so one may argue that whilst indeed it is a Prime Ministerial government it is supported and facilitated by the government it is perceived to dominate.

Cross Cultural Management Report Plan Essay

Based in the uk I am a cc analyst for a large telecoms confederacy,say who we are briefly, and what the industry is. We want to go abroad In the next 2 years, internationalisation must run smoothly, (what is inisation and what does it mean for a company?) an issue flagged in meetings pull up stakes be Culture Shock and poor adjustment to the new environment. (What are these?)How will intlisation affect the whole company initially? Will the larger culture gap prove tougher than the smaller? Generic initial issues and frameworks, reproof 3, gives a good overview. (intro). What are the obvious issues faced? Language, distance, new, see the psychic distance thing.I need to propose a detailed ac tally of CS in investigate and how it relates to CC working and our company. We need 3 good recommendations of how to minimise these affects. Look at successfully intlised company vs company that is struggling, and the general principals to overcome issues used, kindle we use them? What does it all really mean according to the future? Has deregulation of the market meant we have to control?conduct a detailed literature review of CS need to plow the generic wine issues which the governing will potentially face related to your chosen area in ramify one So, the offset furcate of your literature review will introduce exactly what ideas youll go on to discuss. Research lecture notes, text books, journal articles etc and pull together a detailed critical review of the relevant theories and models relating to the area. You overly need to detail the relevance of your chosen area to the date scenario, with respect to the cross-cultural challenges/difficulties that it would pose for the physical composition detail the relevant theories & models and the potential cross-cultural difficulties that could arise as a result of culture stripe & adjustment backside up your arguments using appropriate theories & models and appropriate real life examples from case studies/res earch articles/books etc. go for a bit of background for the telecommunication industry to set the scene for your arrangement as the context is of course relevant to the assignment but thither is no need to do this in depth. You can still consider issues that are generic to any internationalisation.Source examples/case studies of telecommunications organisations that get going internationally in terms of providing best practice or illustrating failure that has taken place. Internationalisation save a generic analysis of the issues facing the organisation when expanding into foreign countries in general. give examples to support near of your ideas around examining the likelihood of cultural difficulties being more prevalent when the culture gap eg language is larger.Give examples of organisations which have attempted internationalisation and failed and/or succeeded, in order to elaborate and support your arguments and recommendations.need to discuss the generic issues which the o rganisation will potentially face related to your chosen area in part one and potential solutions/ways to overcome these in part two. You can give hypothetical examples of distinguishable countries but the general principles of internationalisation and the issues that are applicable from a CCM perspective will be the same, no matter which country/countries are chosen for expansion. Give examples of differences in cultures that would cause potential difficulties such as culture shock etc and how these can vary from country to country.Your recommendations should obviously be related in part to your chosen area from part one but you may also talk about generic cross cultural challenges & difficulties which need to be overcome. It may also be useful to look back to lecture 3 Topical issues, as this has some useful practical frameworks you can draw on. there is flexibility with this there is no particular requirement to have one recommendation about your limited issue and then 2 fu rther general ones for instance. It is up to you. Crucially, a good assignment will evidence the links between whatever topic you have chosen and specific recommendations for alleviating that problem positivisticthe fact that many cross cultural problems are interlinking and more broad in their scope.the eldest couple of sentences in your recommendations should set out what youll go on to address in this section. word count for this assignment is 3000 words. This should be split equally between part one and part two of the assignment A minimum of 15 references should be used. These need to be faculty member (i.e. authors of journals, textbooks).a range of academic sources should be consulted for research E.g. lecture notes, books, journalsPlease use the assignment template carrying division of the two assignment areas (part one and part two).Whilst the remit of the report is advising an organisation, youll be aware by now that there are important interlinking factors between ind ividual and organisational issues. You should position your assignment from both the individual and organisational viewpoints to show that you have an awareness of the interplay between the two and the complexities involved.

Has Devolution worked?

AbstractThe purpose of this prove will be to consider whether the serve of devolution in the get together Kingdom since 1999 has been successful and consider some of the points of convergence and divergence, which have occurred in terms of insurance development in the region, as well the mend which the austerity measures introduced by the calculus g overnment have had on Scotland, Wales and Yankee Ireland.IntroductionThe work at of devolution is one that can be considered as a response to widespread processes of restructuring in the forms of governance in the Western world and excessively a part of a global phenomenon (Rodriguez-Pose and Gill, 2005 Williams and Mooney, 2008 Keating et al. 2009). In the background of the UK, the process of devolution should be soundless as the process of granting semi-autonomous legislative powers to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly of Wales and the Yankee Ireland Assembly on behalf of the UK sevens (Gov.uk, 2013). devolution in the UK specifically should be considered as a phenomenon of the political climate which inhabited in the instant half of the 1990s. The process of devolution itself can be considered as an alternative to the insurance adopted by successive bourgeois governments in twain Scotland and Wales (Trench, 2007). In addition, it was aimed to challenge the agenda set by to a greater extent nationalist parties in the UK, whose political ideas and manifestos gained popularity at the time (ibid.). Even though the newly established presidency institutions had their predecessors in the past, which exercised similar legislative functions, the fact that they were now recognised as autonomous and sovereign was a major historical precedent (Rose, 1982). As a result of referendums taking place in kinfolk 1997 in Scotland and Wales, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh National Assembly were established. In northerly Ireland, as a result of the signing of the Good Friday Agreement and followi ng a national referendum in May 1998, the Northern Ireland Assembly was established (Birrell, 2009). In line with these developments in UK governance, the following essay will examine the impact which the process of devolution has had in terms of successful insurance fulfilation.The impact of decadencyIn the UK specifically, in that respect are four different models of devolution, all reflecting the asymmetrical nature of the process and the different regime which measure up the different regions (Hazell, 2000). The Scottish parliament, for example, has a responsibility of developing policy in tackling the majority of domestic affairs without interference on behalf of the UK parliament. The Northern Ireland Assembly, on the other hand, has the capacity of passing legislation related to a wide range of issues and the Welsh National Assembly has an elected assembly, which has been granted legislative powers following a referendum in 2011 (Gov.uk, 2013). In the rest of England out side London, where an elected mayor and assembly were established, the changes in administration were quite marginal and were reflected in the creation of Regional Development Agencies and unelected Regional Assemblies which have subsequently been abolished by the ConservativeLiberal Democratic Coalition Government. As this indicates, UK devolution is a process rather than an event (Shaw and MacKinnon, 2011). As a result of the implementation of UK devolution acts, the legislative competence over devolved matters and democratic representation and role was transferred to the newly established devolved parliaments. Basing devolution on the functions previously exercised by the territorial departments served to reduce conflict over the distribution of powers and resources in the short-term, but at the expense of any long-term resolution of territorial imbalances and tensions (Jeffery, 2007). musical composition Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own devolved institution s, England is governed centrally by the UK parliament, meaning that UK and English political institutions have efficaciously be settle fused. One of the unique features of UK devolution is reflected in the limited autonomy of the regions to raise their own taxes and be responsible for their re-investment (Gov.uk, 2013). This contrasts with many other devolved or federal states in which the national and sub-national tiers share responsibility for both the raising and distribution of revenue (MacKinnon, 2013). Arguably, this could have a negative impact on the overall exertion of the devolved regions, as it puts them in a subordinate position to the UK parliament in terms of financing and self-sufficiency, a policy problem which in the occurrence of the global recession has affected all three of the devolved regions. Devolution has important repercussions for public policy (Greer, 2007 Greer, 2009 Jeffery 2007 Keating, 2002 Keating 2009). In effect, the process of devolution has all owed the newly established governments to design and implement policies which take into consideration the specific economic and neighborly conditions of the regions, thereby presenting localised solution to localised problems (Jeffery 2002). nonwithstanding the differences which exist among the regions, some commonalities in policy development can also be observed, namely in the provision of health care and tackling public health problems. The common economic challenges, combined with a ladened fiscal policy means that the convergence of healthcare politics in all the devolved regions are possible to the preserved for some time (Smith and Hellowell, 2012). With the ongoing debates of more financial liberty of the regions, however, it appears more likely than not that in the near future a more pronounced divergence in healthcare policy could happen in the nearby future (ibid.). To summarise this section, the process of devolution can be considered a success, as it has enabled t he devolved regions to take the initiative of developing and implementing tailored policy decisions which take into consideration the specific conditions and challenges which exist in every one of the regions, despite the austerity measures and the impact of the economic recession. Devolution has also brought with itself a political reconsideration and reprioritization equation and homo-rights in compulsory-phase education and how these are promoted, following the governments freight to mainstreaming (Chaney, 2011). With the different dimensions which devolution has in the UK, it appears plausible that the priorities of one government will not necessarily cooccur with the priorities of another government. Moreover, within the different contextual settings, it is more than likely that different definitions of equality will be used (ibid.). Although there is still a long way to go in terms of promoting equality and human rights, devolution in the long-term could be the ground upon which more equal societies could be built. However, this is a fragile and slow process, and which, despite the progress achieved in the previous phase, largely associated with the policy of the New Labour, has come under threat by the politics of the Coalition Government, as the next few paragraphs will show. The process of devolution can be characterised by two distinct phases (MacKinnon, 2013). The first phase of UK devolution between 1999 and 2007 was characterised by common Labour Party government at the devolved and UK levels, stable inter-government relations and substantial increases in public expenditure (ibid). Over the period, the budgets of the devolved governments rose substantially between 2001/2002 and 2009/2010, (61.5% in Scotland, 60% in Wales and 62.6% in Northern Ireland) as a result of spending decisions taken by the Labour Government in London (HM Treasury 2007 2011, as cited in MacKinnon, 2013). A new phase of devolution and constitutional politics has become ap parent since 2007, defined by three distinguishing features (Danson et al., 2012). First, nationalist parties entered into government in Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast in 2007 as either minority governments or coalition partners. Second, there is the changed context of UK politics following the shoot down of Labour in 2010 and the formation of a Coalition Government between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. Third, the economic context has changed radically following the financial crisis of 20072008 and the ensuing economic recession. In response, the Coalition Government adopted a programme for reducing public expenditure by ?81 billion by 201516, thereby eliminating the UKs structural deficit (Lowndes and Pratchett, 2012 23). This has meant that the introduction of austerity measures designed to address the UKs budget deficit by the Coalition Government since 2010 has also had significant implications for the devolved governments, reducing their budgets and requiring them t o administer cuts locally, although they have been vocal in their opposite to austerity and support of alternative policy approaches such as increased capital expenditure (McEwen, 2013). In this climate, the devolved governments have reaffirmed their commitment to social justice and solidarity (Scott and Mooney, 2009), with the Scottish Government, for instance, arguing that the UK Coalition Governments public assistance reform agenda threatens the social democratic values of civic Scotland (McEwen, 2013). In summary, despite the fact that the process of devolution has been successful in several aspects, all associated with granting a certain level of autonomy to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, this could all prove in vain unless more revenue-raising responsibilities are given to the regions.ConclusionThe aim of this essay was to review the impact which the process of devolution has had in the UK. As it was noted, the nature of UK devolution should be considered as a long-te rm evolving process, rather than a single even. Economic and political conditions have changed markedly since the institution of the institutions in 1999, particularly in terms of changes of government at devolved and Westminster levels, the onset of recession from 2008 and the introduction of a new politics of austerity. The underlying asymmetries of UK devolution have become more pronounced with the tendency towards greater autonomy for Scotland and Wales contrasting with greater centralisation and the abolition of regional institutions in England. These contradictions raise some unsounded questions about the territorial integrity of the state and the possible dissolution of Britain (Nairn, 2003) in the context of the Scottish independence referendum which is to be held in September 2014. As this essay has demonstrated, the process of devolution has achieved some notable successes in terms of public health, education policy and promoting equality, though it is impossible to pred ict what the future might fight down in terms of further developments.BibliographyBirrell, D. (2009). The impact of devolution on social policy. The indemnity Press. Chaney, P. (2011). Education, equality and human rights Exploring the impact of devolution in the UK. Critical Social Policy, 31(3), 431-453. Danson, M., MacLeod, G., & Mooney, G. (2012). Devolution and the shifting political economic geographies of the unify Kingdom. Environment and Planning C Government and Policy, 30(1), 1-9. Greer, S. (2007) The fragile divergence machine citizenship, policy divergence, and intergovernmental relations (pp. 136-159), in Trench, A. (ed.), Devolution and power in the United Kingdom. Manchester University Press. Greer, S. (ed.) (2009). Devolution and Social Citizenship in the UK. The Policy Press. Gov.uk (2013) Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. operable at https//www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland Hazell, R. (Ed.). (200 0). The state and the nations the first year of devolution in the United Kingdom. Imprint Academic. HM Treasury (2007) cosmos expenditure statistical analyses 2007, Cm 7091. London The Stationery Office. HM Treasury (2011) Public expenditure statistical analyses 2007, Cm 8104. London The Stationery Office. Jeffery, C. (2002). Devolution Challenging local government. Joseph Rowntree. Jeffery, C. (2007). The Unfinished work of Devolution Seven Open Questions. Public policy and administration, 22(1), 92-108. Keating, M. (2002) Devolution and public policy in the United Kingdom Divergence or convergence (pp.3-21), in Adams, J., & Robinson, P. (eds.), Devolution in practice public policy differences within the UK. Institute for Public Policy Research. Keating, M. (2009) The independence of Scotland Self-government and the shifting politics of union. Oxford University Press. Keating, M., Cairney, P., & Hepburn, E. (2009) Territorial policy communities and devolution in the UK. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 2(1), 51-66. Lowndes, V., & Pratchett, L. (2012). Local governance under the Coalition government austerity, localism and the Big Society. Local government studies, 38(1), 21-40. MacKinnon, D. (2013). Devolution, state restructuring and policy divergence in the UK. The Geographical Journal. inside 10.1111/geoj.12057 McEwen, N. (2013) Independence and the territorial politics of welfare The David Hume Institute Research Paper No. 4/2013. Edinburgh The David Hume Institute. Available at http//www.scotlandfutureforum.org/assets/library/files/application/Research_Paper_4-McEwen.pdf Nairn, T. (2003). The break-up of Britain crisis and neo-nationalism. Common Ground. Rodriguez?Pose, A., & Gill, N. (2005). On the economic dividendof devolution. Regional Studies, 39(4), 405-420. Rose, R. (1982). The Territorial Dimension in Government Understanding the United Kingdom. Chatham House. Scott, G., & Mooney, G. (2009). Poverty and social justice in the devolved Scotland neoliberalism meets social democracy. Social Policy and Society, 3(4), 379-389. Shaw, J., & MacKinnon, D. (2011). Moving on with filling inSome thoughts on state restructuring after devolution. Area, 43(1), 23-30. Smith, K., & Hellowell, M. (2012). Beyond rhetorical Differences A Cohesive Account of Post?devolution Developments in UK Health Policy. Social Policy & Administration, 46(2), 178-198. Trench, A. (ed.). (2007). Devolution and power in the United Kingdom. Manchester University Press. Williams, C., & Mooney, G. (2008) Decentring social policyDevolution and the discipline of social policy A commentary. Journal of social policy, 37(3), 489.

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Non-CSD beverage Non-CSD beverage setback and Pepsi ar attacking these categories themselves, each trying to become a total beverage company. Will this approach lead to brand dilution? Do CPs risk change state a less profitable business if they do not extend the brand? No faithful answers yet to these questions Pepsi, so far, has had more success and has been more aggressive with non-CSDs. 7/20/2011 32 seance take by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi Non-CSD beverage Non-CSD beverage The business pretending for non-CSDs is somewhat different from the classic CSD model (pp. 1-14) The supply chain and bottling requirements add complexity to the value chain, compared with the relatively simple CSD model. 7/20/2011 33 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi Non-CSD beverage Non-CSD beverage The basic principles of the business remain the same Coke and Pepsi own the brand and control product development Dedicated bottlers leverage economies of scope in dispersion (selling to sam e outlet, same trucks). There are exceptionse. g. , Gatorade is delivery through food wholesalers. As niche products, non-CSDs carried prices and margins that are higher for everyone in the value chain. /20/2011 34 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi The Implications of Bottled pee The Implications of Bottled Water Will Coke and Pepsi be able to repeat their success with CSD in the water segment, or go away a new competitive dynamic emerge? (page 14) 7/20/2011 35 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi Bottled Water Bottled Water Repeat of CSD New (less attractive) Industry Structure Economies of home in publicize Hard to create brand loyalty Barriers to entry in distribution Highly fragmented, competitive building Similar economics of concentrate firm High price sensitivity Little differentiation (e. . , taste) 7/20/2011 36 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi Bottled Water Bottled Water Unless Coke and Pepsi can reelect brand loyalty and establish their brands, water is more likely to become a commodity-like product, where despite the scale and barriers in distribution, most of the profits will be extracted by the distribution channel (retailers) rather than by the concentrate companies or (especially) the bottlers. 7/20/2011 37 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi Summary of the shieldSummary of the Case 1. One of the clearest examples on how firms can create and exercise market power. 2. To really scan the opportunities for strategy, we have to look at the underlying economics of the firm and the industry, and its related (upstream and downstream) parts. Without deduceing the economics of the CP and bottler, we cannot understand the motivations and the likely success of moves like vertical integration. 7/20/2011 38 Session led by Prof. J. K. Mitra, FMS, Delhi

Impact of Qwl on Organizational Behaviour

spread over Topic IMPACT OF QUALITY OF WORK-LIFE (QWL) ON ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Submitted to Maam Mariam Pasha Submitted by Umm-e-Habiba Roll number BBC-09-17 INTRODUCTION Quality of nominate-life (QWL) is described as an individuals experience link up to their job. It may include broad categories and different dimensions like job satisfaction, satisfaction with the wages, hours, working condition and environment, work-life residue (balance between work and family). Today in this age of fierce competitive environment organizations should focus on the well-being of their employees.QWL is emphasized so that employees could be motivated to work efficiently towards their disposed goals. Stress at work could be reduced, so the employees feel satisfied with their jobs and maintain balance between their work and life. belles-lettres REVIEW From the past 30 years the concept of QWL has been used. M each problems has been faced regarding the translation and conceptualization of QWL. contrastive models like transfer model (spillover effect), compensation model and segmentation model etc was used to give definition of QWL (Martel, Dupuis, 2006).Research shows that the definition of QWL is overly related to the definition of QOL (quality of life). But a naked as a jaybird quantity instrument QWLSI (quality of worklife overbearing inventory) was presented that allow the participants to assess QWL and their actions effectiveness regarding their organizational performance. For measuring QWL another measure was developed that depend on the satisfaction need and spillover theories. This measure was developed to check that whether work environment meet specific of necessity of the employee (Sirgy, Efraty, Siegel, Jinlee, 2001).That needs include genial, economic and family, safety, knowledge, aesthetics and actualization needs. A hypothesis was also drawn from the spillover theories. both(prenominal) the hypothesis and the new measure was supported well. Through continuous enquiry different methods was proposed to measure QWL by weighting satisfaction scores and using algorithms. Weighting satisfaction scores is commonly used leveling method in the measurement of quality of life. In a study SWLS (satisfaction with life scale) was taken as a global measure. The results show that SWLS did not give better performance (Wu, Yao, 2006).Lockes theory was also included in study. The study shows that to weight satisfaction scores is not necessary and does not dish out improve global measure. It shows same result in the satisfaction with the job and its quality. However, in an old research a conceptual model was given that shows the relation between the pQL (perceived quality of life) and the organizational work. The model shows that the work at job could be influenced by the changing work, non-work life, its quality and work domain experiences (Rice, Farlin, Hunt, Near, 1985). It also shows social and psychological perspective of pQL and organiza tional work.There were many different arguments that worker performance and organizational support argon not related to the employee benefits. However, a model was developed that showed work-life benefits is directly related to workers performance, organizational behavior and indirectly to the organizational support (Lambert, 2000). The results show a positive relationship. But beside work-life benefits a firm productivity is also in-chief(postnominal) that depend on the type of the workers hired by the firm. Firm who focus on hiring higher(prenominal) percentage of women and skilled workers show strong relationship with the work-life programs and productivity and vice versa.Professionals ease up high office so they demand high as well. The programs have positive effect on productivity. Large firms argon not willing to hire employees with high non-work responsibilities because it reduces their performance on job. Future research should study work-life mechanisms to scan well (Ko nrad, Mangel, 2000). One year after that a test was conducted which found that whether the inner distinctions (autonomy, skills, challenges etc) or unessential traits (salaries, tangible benefits) affect satisfaction with the QWL.The results shows that in order to improve QWL organizations should pay more attention towards extrinsic factors as compared to the intrinsic factors (Lewis, Brazil, Krueger, Lohfeld, Tian, 2000). However few years later, a hypothesized model was given which shows that income which is an extrinsic trait is not directly related to the QWL under different variables like gender, status, job satisfaction and love of money. Income have either negative impact or no impact on the quality under the given variables, income and QWL also depend on these variables (Tang, 2007).The variables are also directly related to each other. IMPLICATIONS Working conditions is an measurable part of the job so that the employees feel satisfied with their work. The management of the organization must take actions that helps in improving the QWL and maintains the balance between the work and life. Management must be supportive and the quality of the control must be improved so that employees can easily consult their supervisors in case of any issues at work and the supervisors understand their priorities well.Work load must be decreased in order to profit efficiency and satisfaction with work. Extrinsic factors include tangible benefits which play an important role in change magnitude the motivational level must also be focused. Nowadays, the management of the organizations facing the work-life issues which cannot be easily handle because they effect the performance level so friendly policies and practices must be adopted and certain family and employee helper programs must be initiated. REFERENCES Alison M. Konrad, R. M. (2000).The impact of work-life programs on firm productivity. Strategic Management Journal , 21, 1225-1237. Davis Lewis, K. B. (2001 ). Extrinsic and intrinsic determinants of QWL. Leadership in health sciences , 14, 9-15. Dupuis, J. P. (2006). Quality of work-life,theorectical and methodological problems and presentation of a new model and measuring instrument. Social Indicators Research , 77, 333-368. J. Lambert, S. (2000). Added benefitsThe link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. The Academy of Management Journal , 43, 801-815.M. Joseph Sirgy, D. E. (2001). A new measure of QWL based on Need satisfaction and Spillover Theories. Social Indicators Review , 55, 241-302. Robert W. Rice, D. B. (1985). Organizational work and the pQLtoward a conceptual modal. The Academy of Management Review , 10, 296-310. Tang, T. L. (2007). Income and quality of lifedoes the love for money make a difference? Journal of Business Ethics , 72, 375-393. Yao, C. H. (2006). Do we need to weight satisfaction scores with important ratings in measuring QWL. Social Idicators Research , 78, 305-326.